The arrangement of the retinal cells in an orderly manner gives rise to the outer nuclear layer, containing the nuclei of the rods and cones the inner nuclear layer, containing the nuclei and perikarya (main cell bodies outside the nucleus) of the bipolar cells, and the ganglion cell layer, containing the corresponding structures of the ganglion cells. Thus, the optic nerve is really a central tract, rather than a nerve, connecting two regions of the nervous system, namely, the layer of bipolar cells, and the cells of the lateral geniculate body, the latter being a visual relay station in the diencephalon (the rear portion of the forebrain). These bipolar cells connect with (4) the innermost layer of neurons, the ganglion cells and the transmitted messages are carried out of the eye along their projections, or axons, which constitute the optic nerve fibres. The changes induced in the rods and cones by light are transmitted to (3) a layer of neurons (nerve cells) called the bipolar cells. (2) Above the epithelium is the layer of rods and cones, the light-sensitive cells. In general, there are four main layers: (1) Next to the choroid is the pigment epithelium, already mentioned. Ten layers of cells in the retina can be seen microscopically. The retina is a complex nervous structure, being, in essence, an outgrowth of the forebrain. The chemical energy activates nerves that conduct the messages out of the eye into the higher regions of the brain. The retina is the part of the eye that receives the light and converts it into chemical energy.
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Interconnections between a macrine and horizontal cells are important in the initial stages of visual processing. M ü ller cells are microglial cells that provide both functional and structural support. Contains bipolar cells, M ü ller cells, amacrine cells and horizontal cells. Home / Ophthalmic Pathology / Retina Normal Retinal Anatomy Congenital Hypertrophy of the RPE (CHRPE). Combined Hamartoma of the Retina and RPE. Typical Peripheral Cystoid Degeneration (TPCD). Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO).
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